Abstract
Depression is considered to be one of the most prevalent mental disorders in humans. Antidepressant drugs are released in large concentrations and cause adverse effects on the environment and/or human health. Fabric Phase Sorptive Extraction (FPSE), a contemporary solid sorbent-handling technique, is a quick, sensitive, and simple analytical process. This paper describes a micro-extraction FPSE procedure coupled with High-Performance Liquid-Chromatography–Photodiode Array Detection (FPSE-HPLC–DAD) for the simultaneous extraction and analysis of five antidepressants, namely citalopram, clozapine, mirtazapine, bupropion and sertraline. Three fabric media (Whatman Cellulose filter, Whatman Microfiber Glass filter and Polylactic acid disks) and two different sol–gel sorbents (polyethylene glycol (PEG 300), alongside poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(propylene glycol)-block-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG-PPG-PEG 5.800)) were tested. The best FPSE device was observed to be the microfiber glass filter coated with PEG 300 sol–gel sorbent. In addition, the parameters that affect the efficiency of the process (FPSE media and sorbents, sample pH, extraction time, elution time, etc.) were optimized. The proposed methodology displays a linear range with absolute recovery values higher than 60%, RSD% of less than 13% and LOQs in the range between 1.9–10.7 μg·L−1. Finally, the method was applied in hospital and urban effluents and lake water samples, but none of the analytes were detected.
Highlights
Depression is one of the most ordinary and widespread mental diseases caused by various social, psychological, and biological factors interacting and correlating among each other
The pharmacological treatment of depression began in the 1950s, with the introduction of the first-generation antidepressant drugs (ADs), such as tricyclic and tetracyclic antidepressants (TCAs), and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
1-cm diameter circular pieces and placed in a sealed container so gel-coated fabric was cut into 1-cm diameter circular pieces and placed in a sealed container so that unwanted analytes from the atmosphere did not accumulate
Summary
Depression (major depressive disorder) is one of the most ordinary and widespread mental diseases caused by various social, psychological, and biological factors interacting and correlating among each other. It negatively affects how someone feels, their way of thinking and how the person acts. The pharmacological treatment of depression began in the 1950s, with the introduction of the first-generation antidepressant drugs (ADs), such as tricyclic and tetracyclic antidepressants (TCAs), and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). Separations 2020, 7, 39 introduced, namely selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). The newest and most used antidepressants drugs appeared after the 1990s, (serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors) [1]
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