Abstract
BackgroundThe perception of the affective quality of stimuli with regard to valence and arousal has mostly been studied in laboratory experiments. Population-based research may complement such studies by accessing larger, older, better balanced, and more heterogeneous samples. Several characteristics, among them age, sex, depression, or anxiety, were found to be associated with affective quality perception. Here, we intended to transfer valence and arousal rating methods from experimental to population-based research. Our aim was to assess the feasibility of obtaining and determining the structure of valence and arousal ratings in the setting of the large observational BiDirect Study. Moreover, we explored the roles of age, sex, depression, and anxiety for valence and arousal ratings of words.Methods704 participants provided valence and arousal ratings for 12 written nouns pre-categorized as unpleasant, neutral, or pleasant. Predictors of valence and arousal ratings (i.e. age, sex, depression, and anxiety) were analyzed for six outcomes that emerge by combining two affective dimensions with three words categories. Data were modeled with multiple linear regression. Relative predictor importance was quantified by model-explained variance decomposition.ResultsOverall, average population-based ratings replicated those found in laboratory settings. The model did not reach statistical significance in the valence dimension. In the arousal dimension, the model explained 5.4% (unpleasant), 4.6% (neutral), and 3.5% (pleasant) of the variance. (Trend) effects of sex on arousal ratings were found in all word categories (unpleasant: increased arousal in women; neutral, pleasant: decreased arousal in women). Effects of age and anxiety (increased arousal) were restricted to the neutral words.ConclusionsWe report results of valence and arousal ratings of words in the setting of a large, observational, population-based study. Method transfer yielded acceptable data quality. The analyses demonstrated small effects of the selected predictors in the arousal dimension.
Highlights
The perception of the affective quality of stimuli with regard to valence and arousal has mostly been studied in laboratory experiments
We examined the relative importance of age, sex, depression, and anxiety for the valence and arousal ratings of 12 words shown to differ highly in valence and arousal as well as associated neurophysiology in previous studies [30, 46]
To choose a subset of the words from Kissler et al [46] to be used here, we conducted a pretest at two study centers with 30 nouns and 15 adjectives in a convenience sample of 52 native German speakers, whose age distribution resembled that of the BiDirect Study participants (i.e. 35–65 years) in order to evaluate whether the pattern of valence and arousal pre-categorizations could be reproduced
Summary
The perception of the affective quality of stimuli with regard to valence and arousal has mostly been studied in laboratory experiments. According to the Circumplex Model of Affect [5, 6], both core affect (a subjective property: subjective feeling) and affective quality (a property of a stimulus: the potential that a stimulus has to change core affect) can be characterized by a certain degree of arousal (sense of energy: activation vs quiescence) together with a certain degree of valence (hedonic tone: pleasure vs displeasure). In this framework, valence is measured using a bipolar scale (unpleasant–neutral–pleasant), while arousal is measured with a unipolar scale (low–high) [7, 8]. A recent paper [12] suggested that the relationship between valence and arousal may be conditional on the uncertainty (“ambiguity”) of perceived valence
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