Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)β/δ is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily of transcription factors, which plays fundamental roles in cell proliferation and differentiation, inflammation, adipogenesis, and energy homeostasis. Previous studies demonstrated a reduced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in Pparβ/δ-deficient mice. However, PPARβ/δ’s role in physiological blood vessel formation and vessel remodeling in the retina has yet to be established. Our study showed that PPARβ/δ is specifically required for disordered blood vessel formation in the retina. We further demonstrated an increased arteriovenous crossover and wider venous caliber in Pparβ/δ-haplodeficient mice. In summary, these results indicated a critical role of PPARβ/δ in pathological angiogenesis and blood vessel remodeling in the retina.
Highlights
Over the last two decades, agents targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) have revolutionized the treatment for ocular angiogenic diseases [1,2,3], including proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), diabetic macular edema (DME), neovascular age-related macular degeneration, and retinal vein occlusion (RVO)
The gene expression of Pparβ/δ remained unchanged in both retina (Figure S1a) and choroid/RPE (Figure S1b) compartments of C57BL/6 mice subjected to laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV)
Considering the high PPARβ/δ levels in normal mouse retina, an essential role of PPARβ/δ in fatty acid oxidation (FAO) [22,23], and the emerging role of FAO in endothelial cells (ECs) metabolism and angiogenesis [13], we went on exploring the association between retinal Pparβ/δ expression and changes in the body’s metabolic status
Summary
Over the last two decades, agents targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) have revolutionized the treatment for ocular angiogenic diseases [1,2,3], including proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), diabetic macular edema (DME), neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD), and retinal vein occlusion (RVO). Long-term treatment with anti-VEGF drugs raises concerns regarding potential adverse side effects [7,8] due to the essential role of VEGF in physiological angiogenesis, such as during wound repair [9], and neuro-protection [10]. Effective treatments for ocular angiogenic diseases remain a significant un-met medical need. Great efforts have been made to develop alternative or complementary treatment strategies to current anti-VEGF therapeutics [12]
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