Abstract
Inflammatory biomarkers in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) are measured to estimate the effects of air pollution on humans. The present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between particulate matter and inflammatory biomarkers in blood plasma and exhaled air in young adults. The obtained results were compared in two periods; i.e., winter and summer. GRIMM Dust Monitors were used to measure PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 in indoor and outdoor air. A total of 40 healthy young adults exhaling air condensate were collected. Then, biomarkers of interleukin-6 (IL-6), Nitrosothiols (RS-NOs), and Tumor necrosis factor-soluble receptor-II (sTNFRII) were measured by 96 wells method ELISA and commercial kits (HS600B R&D Kit and ALX-850–037-KI01) in EBC while interleukin-6 (IL-6), sTNFRII and White Blood Cell (WBC) were measured in blood plasma in two periods of February 2013 (winter) and May 2013 (summer). Significant association was found between particulate matter and the white blood cell count (p < 0.001), as well as plasma sTNFRII levels (p-value = 0.001). No significant relationship was found between particulate matter with RS-NOs (p = 0.128), EBC RSNOs (p-value = 0.128), and plasma IL-6 (p-value = 0.167). In addition, there was no significant relationship between interleukin-6 of exhaled air with interleukin-6 of plasma (p-value < 0.792 in the first period and < 0.890 in the second period). sTNFRII was not detected in EBC. Considering the direct effect between increasing some biomarkers in blood and EBC and particulate matter, it is concluded that air pollution causes this increasing.
Highlights
Inflammatory biomarkers in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) are measured to estimate the effects of air pollution on humans
Since White Blood Cell (WBC) and IL-6 of EBC are directly correlated to PM10, the increase in coarse particles in the second sampling period may increase the activity of the immune system and eventually increase these parameters in the blood and EBC
The results showed that the concentration of PM10 in the second period of sampling is more than its concentration in the first period of sampling, and the increase in the concentration of P M10 increases the IL-6 in the EBC and increases the amount of WBC in the blood
Summary
Inflammatory biomarkers in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) are measured to estimate the effects of air pollution on humans. The air pollutants including nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and particulate matter were measured and an association was obtained between these ambient air pollutants and exhaled breath biomarkers. It has been shown that in all participants, a 1–5 day increase in exposure to black carbon can reduce the pH of the exhaled breath condensates (EBC), which causes inflammation of the respiratory tract and increases the 8-isoprostane, which increases the oxidative stress. In a study conducted by Manney et al (2015) in the UK on the association between exhaled breath condensate and nitrate + nitrite levels with ambient coarse particle exposure in subjects with airways disease, was found an association between EBC NOx as a marker of oxidative stress and exposure to ambient coarse particles at central sites. The lack of association between PM measures is more indicative of personal exposures ( indoor exposure)[39]
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