Investigating the regio-, stereo-, and enantio-selectivities of the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of C-cyclopropyl-N-phenylnitrone derivatives and benzylidenecyclopropane derivatives: A DFT study

Abstract

The biomedical importance of spirocyclopropane isoxazolidine derivatives is widely known. The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (1,3-DC) of C-cyclopropyl-N-phenylnitrone derivative and benzylidenecyclopropane derivatives leading to the formation of 5- and 4-spirocyclopropane isoxazolidines derivatives have been studied using density functional theory (DFT) at M06–2X/6-311G (d,p) level of theory. An extensive exploration of the potential energy surface shows that the 1,3-dipole adds across the dipolarophile via an asynchronous concerted mechanism. While electron-donating groups (EDGs) on the benzylidenecyclopropane favor the formation of the 4-spirocyclopropane isomer, electron-withdrawing groups (EWGs) favor the reaction channels that furnish the 5-spirocyclopropane isoxazolidine isomer. Both EWDs and EDGs on the 1,3-dipole favor the formation of the 5-spirocyclopropane isoxazolidine isomer. Irrespective of the electronic nature of substituents on the C-cyclopropyl-N-phenylnitrone, the reaction channels that regioselectively lead to the formation of the 5-spirocyclopropane isoxazolidine isomer are favored. In all reactions considered, the channels that selectively lead to the formation of the cis-diastereoisomers proceed with lower activation barriers than the trans-diastereoisomers. In all cases, the observed selectivities in the title reaction are kinetically controlled.