Abstract
A rapid transition from conventional jet fuels to sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs) is imperative in order to reduce carbon emissions. Hydro-processed esters and fatty acids synthetic paraffinic kerosene (HEFA-SPK), as a type of SAF, exhibits broad applications. In this study, a new HEFA-SPK named ZH-HEFA was investigated. The fuel comprises 14% n-alkanes, 85% iso-alkanes and only 1% cycloalkanes by weight, with the majority of alkanes ranging from C9 to C17. Oxidation experiments of the fuel were conducted using an atmospheric pressure flow reactor at temperatures ranging from 550 K to 1075 K under three equivalence ratios (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5). Species mole fraction profiles were measured by an on-line gas chromatographic (GC). For comparison purposes, an experiment was also performed on RP-3, a conventional jet fuel commonly used in China, under the equivalence of 0.5. Compared to RP-3, ZH-HEFA exhibited significantly stronger low temperature reactivity and higher combustion conversion rates while demonstrating considerably lower yields of aromatics at high temperatures. The kinetic simulation of ZH-HEFA was achieved by proposing two surrogates and their corresponding kinetic models. Surrogate S-1 consisted solely of n-dodecane, while S-2 comprised 35% n-dodecane and 65% 2,6,10-trimethyl dodecane by weight. Both surrogate models were validated by the experimental data. S-1 exhibited a closer resemblance to the global oxidation characteristics of ZH-HEFA, whereas S-2 demonstrated improved accuracy in predicting the formation of small hydrocarbon intermediates during the fuel oxidation. Rate of production analysis revealed that the branched alkane component in S-2 possessed more pathways and greater capability than S-1 in generating C3 intermediates, which are important for the generation of aromatics. Furthermore, both models displayed good predictive performance for the auto-ignition properties of HEFA-SPK fuels.-
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