Abstract
This paper investigates the influence of armed and political conflicts on the urban climate, particularly the surface urban heat island (SUHI) of the Baghdad metropolitan area. This study analyzes changes in spatial patterns of land use and land cover and anthropogenic activities that have occurred as a result of wars and political conflicts. Multi-temporal Landsat data for the years 1984, 2001, and 2018 were used to quantify land use land cover (LULC) changes and thermal characteristics of the study area over 35 years. The relationship of intensity of SUHI to informal settlements (slums) and others anthropogenic practices were analyzed. The results indicate that LULC changes were indeed impacted by wars and political conflicts. Land surface temperature increased over time and its spatial–temporal pattern changed noticeably. A significant correlation between intensity of SUHI and informal settlements (slums) was also shown.
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