Abstract
BackgroundTo achieve universal health coverage in China, it is necessary to identify access barriers to health care. This study examined the association between health system characteristics and health care utilization in China and identified factors associated with accessing health care among the mid-aged and elderly.MethodsData were obtained from the 2015 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, and 17 370 respondents aged 45 and above were included in the analysis. The dependent variables were the use of outpatient and inpatient care among respondents. Health system characteristics at the provincial level were measured using the density of doctors and ward beds, health expenditure per visit/admission and health financing. A two-level logistic regression model was constructed to examine association between health care utilization and health system characteristics, controlling for predisposing, enabling and need variables.ResultsOf the 17 370 respondents, 18.3% had utilized outpatient care and 13.7% had utilized inpatient care in 2015. Increases in the share of out-of-pocket (OOP) payments as total health spending at the provincial-level was less likely to be associated with outpatient care utilization (odds ratio (OR) = 0.96, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.93-0.98) among the mid-age and elderly population. Increases in the share of OOP payments (OR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.97-1.00) and health expenditure per admission (OR = 0.20, 95% CI = 0.04-0.88) were less likely to be associated with inpatient care utilization, while increases in the density of beds (OR = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.10-1.43) was more likely to be associated with inpatient care utilization. gross domestic product (GDP) per capita at the provincial level and types of health insurance owned by respondents were significantly related to both inpatient and outpatient care utilization.ConclusionsLow affordability of the mid-aged and elderly population is the main barrier to utilizing health care in China. In order to improve access to health care, the government should make more efforts, such as improving health insurance reimbursement rates and implementing prospective provider payment methods, to decrease OOP payment for the ageing population.
Highlights
To achieve universal health coverage in China, it is necessary to identify access barriers to health care
This study examined the association between health system characteristics and health care utilization in China and identified factors associated with accessing health care among the mid-aged and elderly
Increases in the share of out-of-pocket (OOP) payments as total health spending at the provincial-level was less likely to be associated with outpatient care utilization (odds ratio (OR) = 0.96, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.93-0.98) among the mid-age and elderly population
Summary
Data were obtained from the 2015 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, and 17 370 respondents aged 45 and above were included in the analysis. A two-level logistic regression model was constructed to examine association between health care utilization and health system characteristics, controlling for predisposing, enabling and need variables. Data were obtained from the fourth wave of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) that provided a nationally representative sample of mid-aged and elderly residents in China (http://charls.pku.edu.cn/index.html). Data on health system characteristics were obtained from the Statistical Yearbook of Health and Family Planning of China (2016), which included information on gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, health resource allocation, and health financing and expenditures at the provincial levels [8]
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