Abstract
Background:Previous studies have demonstrated an association between obesity and asthma, but there remains considerable uncertainty about whether this reflects an underlying causal relationship.Aims:To investigate the association between obesity and asthma in pre-pubertal children and to investigate the roles of airway obstruction and atopy as possible causal mechanisms.Methods:We conducted an age- and sex-matched case–control study of 1,264 6- to 8-year-old schoolchildren with and without asthma recruited from 37 randomly selected schools in Madinah, Saudi Arabia. The body mass index (BMI), waist circumference and skin fold thickness of the 632 children with asthma were compared with those of the 632 control children without asthma. Associations between obesity and asthma, adjusted for other potential risk factors, were assessed separately in boys and girls using conditional logistic regression analysis. The possible mediating roles of atopy and airway obstruction were studied by investigating the impact of incorporating data on sensitisation to common aeroallergens and measurements of lung function.Results:BMI was associated with asthma in boys (odds ratio (OR)=1.14, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.08–1.20; adjusted OR=1.11, 95% CI, 1.03–1.19) and girls (OR=1.37, 95% CI, 1.26–1.50; adjusted OR=1.38, 95% CI, 1.23–1.56). Adjusting for forced expiratory volume in 1 s had a negligible impact on these associations, but these were attenuated following adjustment for allergic sensitisation, particularly in girls (girls: OR=1.25; 95% CI, 0.96–1.60; boys: OR=1.09, 95% CI, 0.99–1.19).Conclusions:BMI is associated with asthma in pre-pubertal Saudi boys and girls; this effect does not appear to be mediated through respiratory obstruction, but in girls this may at least partially be mediated through increased risk of allergic sensitisation.
Highlights
In an attempt to investigate whether respiratory obstruction and/or allergic sensitisation may lie on the causal pathway between obesity and asthma,[11,26] we adjusted separately and combined for their effects and found that respiratory obstruction had only a very modest impact, but that the association was more attenuated when adjusting for sensitisation, in girls
Our large matched case–control study provides the first evidence demonstrating an association between obesity and asthma in pre-pubertal male and female Saudi children
Our study is consistent with an increasing number of epidemiological studies that have reported a positive association between obesity and the risk of developing childhood asthma.[17,20]
Summary
The substantial parallel increases in the prevalence of obesity[1,2,3,4,5] and asthma[6,7,8] observed over recent decades have led to the suggestion that obesity may be causally implicated in the risk of developing asthma.[9,10,11] This line of enquiry began with the study of female nurses enrolled in the Nurses’ Health Study cohort, which found a strong, dose-dependent relationship between an increase in body mass index (BMI) and adult-onset asthma.[12]Investigations into the association between obesity and asthma have subsequently been extended to both male and female adults,[13] adolescents[14,15,16] and young children,[17] other populations of European origin[9,18,19,20] and some other ethnic groups.[17]. Namely that obesity is associated with an increased risk of developing asthma,[15] in post-pubertal females.[21] What is, far less clear is whether this reflects a causal relationship between the two and, if so, what the underlying mechanisms might be. AIMS: To investigate the association between obesity and asthma in pre-pubertal children and to investigate the roles of airway obstruction and atopy as possible causal mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS: BMI is associated with asthma in pre-pubertal Saudi boys and girls; this effect does not appear to be mediated through respiratory obstruction, but in girls this may at least partially be mediated through increased risk of allergic sensitisation
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