Investigating sociophysical attributes underlying train boarding efficiency and their importance for nudging

Abstract

Nudging has become a popular method to change the behavior of pedestrians in public spaces. However, nudges often do not work as intended because they are based on an incomplete understanding of the nudging environment, physical (e.g., pedestrian trajectories), but not psychological data is used in their development, and behavioral theories are often inadequate or not (correctly) applied. In this article, we argue that the design of nudges can benefit from complementary psychological data analyzed using relevant social and environmental psychological theories. Adequate theories, we argue, are those that aim at describing the objective (i.e., person independent) attributes of the environment or situation and how these affect human decision-making. Using the example of train boarding, and in particular the formation of the deboarding corridor, we demonstrate how psychological theories like interdependence theory and social norms theory can be applied to relevant psychological data—in our case obtained with two focus groups—to better characterize the sociophysical attributes of the train boarding situation. The focus group, or sometimes called a “group discussion”, is a qualitative research method in which data is generated from guided discussions amongst research participants following pre-defined discussion topics. Based on the thematic analysis of the focus group data, we find that a high level of competition and interdependence are related to structural aspects of the train boarding situation. Subsequently, we use these insights to provide tentative explanations for, or hypotheses about micro- and macroscopic behavior patterns observed during train boarding. Finally, we discuss how these insights, in turn, can inform the design of nudges that can be further investigated in future research.