Abstract
The Upper Indus basin (UIB) is characterized by contrasting hydrometeorological behaviors; therefore, it has become pertinent to understand hydrometeorological trends at the sub-watershed level. Many studies have investigated the snow cover and hydrometeorological modeling at basin level but none have reported the spatial variability of trends and their magnitude at a sub-basin level. This study was conducted to analyze the trends in the contrasting hydrological regimes of the snow and glacier-fed river catchments of the Hunza and Astore sub-basins of the UIB. Mann-Kendall and Sen’s slope methods were used to study the main trends and their magnitude using MODIS snow cover information (2001–2015) and hydrometeorological data. The results showed that in the Hunza basin, the river discharge and temperature were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased with a Sen’s slope value of −2.541 m3·s−1·year−1 and −0.034 °C·year−1, respectively, while precipitation data showed a non-significant (p ≥ 0.05) increasing trend with a Sen’s slope value of 0.023 mm·year−1. In the Astore basin, the river discharge and precipitation are increasing significantly (p ≤ 0.05) with a Sen’s slope value of 1.039 m3·s−1·year−1 and 0.192 mm·year−1, respectively. The snow cover analysis results suggest that the Western Himalayas (the Astore basin) had a stable trend with a Sen’s slope of 0.07% year−1 and the Central Karakoram region (the Hunza River basin) shows a slightly increasing trend with a Sen’s slope of 0.394% year−1. Based on the results of this study it can be concluded that since both sub-basins are influenced by different climatological systems (monsoon and westerly), the results of those studies that treat the Upper Indus basin as one unit in hydrometeorological modeling should be used with caution. Furthermore, it is suggested that similar studies at the sub-basin level of the UIB will help in a better understanding of the Karakoram anomaly.
Highlights
Pakistan’s economy is dependent on agriculture, which is reliant on water flow from the IndusRiver and its tributaries
Based on the results of this study it can be concluded that since both sub-basins are influenced by different climatological systems, the results of those studies that treat the Upper Indus basin as one unit in hydrometeorological modeling should be used with caution
This study analyzed the climatic variables of two contrasting sub-basins of the Upper Indus basin (UIB) (Hunza and Astore) regarding trends in temperature, precipitation, discharge and snow cover using the non-parametric Mann-Kendall and Sen’s slope estimator
Summary
Pakistan’s economy is dependent on agriculture, which is reliant on water flow from the Indus. Another study conducted by Kumar et al [28] analyzed the trends in maximum, minimum, and mean temperatures in the western Indian Himalaya by applying nonparametric statistics, i.e., the Mann-Kendall test was applied to monthly data from 2000 to 2014 Hydrometeorological parameters such as maximum, minimum, and mean temperature, precipitation, snowfall and river discharge should be studied to assess the current and future trends in variability. This study was designed to investigate the spatiotemporal variability and trends of several hydrometeorological variables including temperature, precipitation and river discharge in the Hunza and Astore sub-basins of the UIB. This study provides a comprehensive overview of hydrometeorological statistics, including the seasonal and internal variability of contrasting regimes at the sub-basin level of the UIB using nonparametric Mann-Kendall and Sen’s slope statistical methods
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