Abstract
Detectors play an important role in many communication systems such as delay locked loops, alias-locked loops, digital-microwave radio, clock-data recovery and phase-locked loops (PLLs). A phase frequency detector (PFD) is one of the mature detector circuit designs used to detect phase and frequency differences of input signals. Time-to-digital converter (TDC) blocks are a modern and emerging technique used to quantify these phase and frequency differences precisely. This article presents the advances in mature and emerging phase-frequency and time-to-digital detectors in phase-locked loop systems.
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