Abstract
The Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA) is a self-report instrument to assess relevant dimensions of bodily awareness. The aim of this study was to offer a Japanese version and adaptation of the MAIA (MAIA-J), as well as to analyse its psychometric properties in a Japanese population. The English MAIA was systematically forward and backward translated by bi-lingual Japanese experts; additionally, content validity aspects regarding language were discussed by a panel of experts. The MAIA-J was administered to 390 Japanese young adults (age: 20.3 ± 2.2), 67.7% women and 32.2% men. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) reduced the questionnaire from 32 to 25 items and from 8 to 6 factors (Noticing, Not-Distracting, Attention Regulation, Emotional Awareness, Body Listening, and Trusting). The Japanese version showed appropriate indicators of construct validity and reliability, with Cronbach's α between 0.67 and 0.87 for the 6 MAIA-J dimensions. The findings demonstrate that MAIA-J has a slightly different factor structure compared to the original English MAIA. Results are discussed with respect to cultural differences. However, the study results support acceptable reliability of the MAIA-J in the Japanese sample, warranting its use for future studies with Japanese populations.
Highlights
This study has been performed to systematically translate the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA) into Japanese language and to investigate the psychometric properties of the Japanese version of the MAIA (MAIA-J)
Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) results showed a different factor structure for the MAIA-J compared to the original English MAIA, German (Bornemann et al, 2015), Italian (Calì et al, 2015) or Spanish (Valenzuela-Moguillansky and Reyes-Reyes, 2015) MAIA versions, that all demonstrated equivalent factor structures
Our Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) reduced the MAIA-J from 32 to 25 items, and its results demonstrated that a 6-factor model represented the best model fit
Summary
This study has been performed to systematically translate the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA) into Japanese language and to investigate the psychometric properties of the Japanese version of the MAIA (MAIA-J). Interoception refers to mechanisms how the brain senses and integrates signals from inside the body, providing a continuous mapping of the body’s internal state. The perception of these bodily signals is associated to bodily states, such as thirst, hunger, pain, as well as stress (Pollatos et al, 2007; Craig, 2009; Herbert et al, 2010, 2011, 2012a; Herbert and Pollatos, 2012; Durlik et al, 2014), and has been shown to be closely associated with emotions, feelings and the perception. The subjective self-reported dimension of interoception depends on cognitive processes such as bodily awareness and associated evaluations, memories and attitudes (Mehling et al, 2009; Mehling, 2016), and its differential measurement is of outstanding importance
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