Abstract
As it is widely accepted, cycling tends to produce health benefits and reduce air pollution. Policymakers encourage people to use bikes by improving cycling facilities as well as developing bicycle-sharing systems (BSS). It is increasingly interesting to investigate how environmental factors influence the cycling behavior of users of bicycle-sharing systems, as users of bicycle-sharing systems tend to be different from regular cyclists. Although earlier studies have examined effects of safety and convenience on the cycling behavior of regular riders, they rarely explored effects of safety and convenience on the cycling behavior of BSS riders. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to investigate how road safety, convenience, and public safety affect the cycling behavior of BSS riders by controlling for other environmental factors. Specifically, in this study, we investigated the impacts of environmental characteristics, including population density, employment density, land use mix, accessibility to point-of-interests (schools, shops, parks and gyms), road infrastructure, public transit accessibility, road safety, convenience, and public safety on the usage of BSS. Additionally, for a more accurate measure of public transit accessibility, road safety, convenience, and public safety, we used spatiotemporally varying measurements instead of spatially varying measurements, which have been widely used in earlier studies. We conducted an empirical investigation in Chicago with cycling data from a BSS called Divvy. In this study, we particularly attempted to answer the following questions: (1) how traffic accidents and congestion influence the usage of BSS; (2) how violent crime influences the usage of BSS; and (3) how public transit accessibility influences the usage of BSS. Moreover, we tried to offer implications for policies aiming to increase the usage of BSS or for the site selection of new docking stations. Empirical results demonstrate that density of bicycle lanes, public transit accessibility, and public safety influence the usage of BSS, which provides answers for our research questions. Empirical results also suggest policy implications that improving bicycle facilities and reducing the rate of violent crime rates tend to increase the usage of BSS. Moreover, some environmental factors could be considered in selecting a site for a new docking station.
Highlights
Encouraging commuters to use active travel instead of inactive travel would produce health benefits [1,2,3,4,5,6,7] and reduce air pollution [8,9,10,11]
Both number of on-street violent crimes and number of off-street violent crimes tend to decrease the usage of bicycle-sharing systems (BSS)
This study has investigated the impacts of environmental characteristics on the usage of BSS, and tried to offer suggestions for policies aiming to increase the usage of BSS or to choose the sites of new docking stations
Summary
Encouraging commuters to use active travel (cycling and walking) instead of inactive travel (travel by motorized vehicles) would produce health benefits [1,2,3,4,5,6,7] and reduce air pollution [8,9,10,11]. Policymakers conduct environmental interventions to encourage cycling to work, such as improving cycling infrastructure. This is explained by some studies focusing on the purposes of cycling, attitudes toward cycling, and experiences of cycling [12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21]. A better cycling infrastructure is associated with positive experiences and positive attitudes, and tends to increase the usage of bikes [15,17,19]. New studies reveal that BSSs have positive health impacts [22,23], and reduce the usage of motor vehicles [11,24]
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