Investigating drinking water quality, microbial pollution, and potential health risks in selected schools of Badin city, Pakistan

Abstract

This study investigated drinking water quality in public, private, and religious schools in Badin city, Pakistan. Physicochemical parameters were within limits except for slightly elevated pH and turbidity. The microbial analysis showed that T.C., and F.C., were found in all samples, and E. coli in 55% of the smaples, with significant differences in quantities. Microbial contaminants correlated positively with pH, turbidity, and each other, linking them to sewage, runoff, and waste. Bacterial counts exceeded WHO guidelines, and the pollution load index (PLI) demonstrated declining water quality. The water quality index (WQI) rated samples as 30% “very good,” 35% “good,” and 35% “poor ”; none were “excellent” or safe to drink. Subpar water quality poses health risks to children, potentially causing diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid. To mitigate risks, infrastructure improvements, education initiatives, and public awareness campaigns are necessary for securing safe water access to support the well-being of school children and the community.