Abstract
We explored how people establish cooperation with robotic peers, by giving participants the chance to choose whether to cooperate or not with a more/less selfish robot, as well as a more or less interactive, in a more or less critical environment. We measured the participants' tendency to cooperate with the robot as well as their perception of anthropomorphism, trust and credibility through questionnaires. We found that cooperation in Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) follows the same rule of Human-Human Interaction (HHI), participants rewarded cooperation with cooperation, and punished selfishness with selfishness. We also discovered two specific robotic profiles capable of increasing cooperation, related to the payoff. A mute and non-interactive robot is preferred with a high payoff, while participants preferred a more human-behaving robot in conditions of low payoff. Taken together, these results suggest that proper cooperation in HRI is possible but is related to the complexity of the task.
Highlights
Cooperation is not unique to our species, human cooperation has the scale and scope far beyond other mammals and forms a central underpinning of our psychology, culture, and success as a species [1]
Through an examination of investment decisions and questionnaire responses provided by participants across these experiment factors, we aim to explore our perception and cooperation with robotic peers
We examined cooperation in human-robot partnerships where the robot was established as a peer of the human partner, with the same role and decision-making abilities as their human compatriots
Summary
Cooperation is not unique to our species, human cooperation has the scale and scope far beyond other mammals and forms a central underpinning of our psychology, culture, and success as a species [1]. Most of our decisions are depending on social interactions and are based on concomitant choices of others [2]. When proposing a suggestion or a solution to a problem, for example, people look for others’ approval, indicating that a final decision needs to be found together [3]. Oskamp [4] proposed that there can be no positive social relationship or outcome from cooperation unless both parties adopt a cooperative attitude. To cooperate effectively it is necessary to arrive at an understanding of the others’ behaviour such that equal and fair allocation of effort and resources lead to a joint solution that is beneficial to both parties.
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