Abstract
As part of the work of the Economic Commission for Europe of the United Nations Task Force on Emission Inventories, a new set of guidelines has been developed for assessing the emissions of sulphur, nitrogen oxides, NH3, CH4, and nonmethane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) from biogenic and other natural sources in Europe. This paper gives the background to these guidelines, describes the sources, and gives our recommended methodologies for estimating emissions. We have assembled land use and other statistics from European or national compilations and present emission estimates for the various natural/biogenic source categories based on these. Total emissions from nature derived here amount to ∼1.1 Tg S yr−1, 6–8 Tg CH4yr−1, 70 Gg NH3(as N) yr−1, and 13 Tg NMVOC yr−1. Estimates of biogenic NOxemissions cover a wide range, from 140 to 1500 Gg NOx(as N) yr−1. In terms of relative contribution to total European emissions for different pollutants, then NMVOC from forests and vegetation are clearly the most important emissions source. Biogenic NOxemissions (although heavily influenced by nitrogen inputs from anthropogenic activities) are very important if the higher estimates are reliable. CH4from wetlands and sulphur from volcanoes are also significant emissions in the European budgets. On a global scale, European biogenic emissions are not significant, a consequence of the climate and size (7% of global land area) of Europe and of the destruction of natural ecosystems since prehistoric times. However, for assessing local budgets and for photochemical oxidant modeling, natural/biogenic emissions can play an important role. The most important contributor in this regard is undoubtedly forest VOC emissions, although this paper also indicates that NMVOC emissions from nonforested areas also need to be further evaluated. This paper was originally conceived as a contribution to the collection of papers arising as a result of the Workshop on Biogenic Hydrocarbons in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer, August 24–27, 1997. (Several papers arising from this workshop have been published inJournal of Geophysical Research, 103(D19) 1998.)
Highlights
Introduction population).It accountsfor --30% of the world'sCO2 emissions,over 20% of SOx, NOx, and VOC emissions,15% of Europe is a continent covering
Tensity[e.g.,Guenther,1997;Schnitzleret al., 1997] so that in Here we present a revisedBVOC emissioncalculationfor many countriesof Europe they may exceed anthropogenic Europe,whichimproveson previouseffortsin severalimpor
The hydrocarbonsisopreneand severalmonoterpenes(a- This sectiondealswith NMVOC emissionsfrom all typesof pinene,/3-pinenel,imonene,etc.) are generallyconsideredthe vegetation(natural,seminaturaal ndin somecasescultivated) most important compoundsfor regionalozone formation in that do not fit easilyinto the forestclassificationW. e do not Europe [Simpson1, 995;Stockwelel t al., 1997]
Summary
Few measurements are available of VOC emissions from naturalgrasslandss,hrubsand bushesT. he studiesavailable includea limited numberof intensivefield campaignsheld at a few locationsin the northwesternMediterranean region, as part of the BEMA project[e.g.,Owenetal., 1997]andin the UK [e.g.,Caoet al., 1997].,a limitedamountof screeninwg orkhasbeencarriedoutontheseecosystem[se.g., Hewitt and Street,1992]. Few measurements are available of VOC emissions from naturalgrasslandss,hrubsand bushesT. He studiesavailable includea limited numberof intensivefield campaignsheld at a few locationsin the northwesternMediterranean region, as part of the BEMA project[e.g.,Owenetal., 1997]andin the UK [e.g.,Caoet al., 1997].,a limitedamountof screeninwg orkhasbeencarriedoutontheseecosystem[se.g., Hewitt and Street,1992]. More data are clearly needed on NMVOC emissions(including
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
