Inventory compilation for renewable energy systems: the pitfalls of materiality thresholds and priority impact categories using hydropower case studies

Abstract

This paper explores the potential to simplify the life cycle assessment (LCA) process for a hydropower (HP) system, without significantly compromising the accurate representation of environmental burdens. Taking five HP case studies, two questions were addressed: (i) Does a 1 % materiality threshold capture at least 95 % of the key environmental burdens from cradle-to-operation? (ii) What is the effect of applying a materiality threshold based on the global warming potential (GWP) indicator for capturing other environmental impacts? A comprehensively detailed inventory database was developed for five modern small- and micro-HP case studies (50–650 kW), representing run-of-river and water supply infrastructure installations from the UK and Ireland. Following ISO 14040 standards, the environmental burdens were quantified for these HP projects. Normalised results were compared against a natural gas combined cycle power plant (NG-CCP) reference system for marginal grid electricity generation. The adoption of a 1 % materiality threshold as advised by some guidelines led to cumulative omissions of up to 7.5 % of the total project burdens for some HP installations, contravening the 95 % inclusion target. The number of project components differed between the two types of HP projects and target exceedances were more likely for projects with more components. Using a lower materiality threshold of 0.2 or 0.5 % ensured that the 95 % target was achieved for all HP projects. Considering GWP as an indicator burden for assessing materiality thresholds led to significant omissions for other environmental burdens, e.g. abiotic resource depletion potential (ARDP). Omitting a number of small components with low-carbon contributions (e.g. copper wiring) led to a 19 % underestimation for contributors to the resource-based (GWP) impact categories. A simplified methodology may not capture all environmental burdens for a hydropower system or fossil fuel-based power plant. Basing a 1 % materiality threshold on contribution to a single burden, such as GWP, can lead to omissions of significant contributory components for that burden, and larger omissions for other burdens. ARDP is a particularly important impact category for renewable energy systems and appears to be particularly sensitive to materiality thresholds. It is important that practitioners take care with materiality thresholds when evaluating the environmental performance of all types of renewable energy systems through LCA. Including a materiality threshold to draw practicable system boundaries is necessary; however, reducing the threshold contribution to 0.5 % would be more likely to ensure that at least 95 % of environmental burdens are accounted for.