Invasive species ofHeracleumin Europe: an insight into genetic relationships and invasion history

Abstract

ABSTRACTSeveral species of the genusHeracleum(Umbelliferae) were introduced into Europe from south‐west Asia in the 19th century and are now widespread in many countries. At least three invasive taxa with unresolved relationships to one another are thought to occur in Europe:Heracleum mantegazzianumSommier & Levier,H. sosnowskyiManden, andH. persicumDesf. ex Fischer. They are tall plants forming extensive stands with a high cover. To elucidate genetic relationships between the species, and gain insight into their invasion history, samples were collected from native ranges in Asia and invaded ranges of the three species in Europe and analysed using amplified fragment length polymorphism. Five otherHeracleumspecies were also studied and in total, 189 samples from 72 populations were analysed. The results confirmed that there are three distinct tallHeracleumspecies invading in Europe. Within each of the three species, plants collected in the invaded range are genetically close to those from their native ranges. A close genetic relationship between the three invasiveHeracleumspecies in Europe was also found. A high overall genetic variability detected in the invaded range suggests that the majority of invading populations were not affected by a genetic bottleneck and that rapid evolution, drift, or hybridization played a role in genetic structuring of invading populations. ForH. mantegazzianum, genetic distance of populations in the native range significantly decreased with geographical distance, but not in the invaded range. It is likely that the current pattern of genetic diversity in Europe resulted from multiple introductions of all three species.