Intron-exon organization of the active human protein S gene PS.alpha. and its pseudogene PS.beta.: Duplication and silencing during primate evolution

Abstract

The human protein S locus on chromosome 3 consists of two protein S genes, PS alpha and PS beta. Here we report the cloning and characterization of both genes. Fifteen exons of the PS alpha gene were identified that together code for protein S mRNA as derived from the reported protein S cDNAs. Analysis by primer extension of liver protein S mRNA, however, reveals the presence of two mRNA forms that differ in the length of their 5'-noncoding region. Both transcripts contain a 5'-noncoding region longer than found in the protein S cDNAs. The two products may arise from alternative splicing of an additional intron in this region or from the usage of two start sites for transcription. The intron-exon organization of the PS alpha gene fully supports the hypothesis that the protein S gene is the product of an evolutional assembling process in which gene modules coding for structural/functional protein units also found in other coagulation proteins have been put upstream of the ancestral gene of a steroid hormone binding protein. The PS beta gene is identified as a pseudogene. It contains a large variety of detrimental aberrations, viz., the absence of exon I, a splice site mutation, three stop codons, and a frame shift mutation. Overall, the two genes PS alpha and PS beta show between their exonic sequences 96.5% homology. Southern analysis of primate DNA showed that the duplication of the ancestral protein S gene has occurred after the branching of the orangutan from the African apes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)