Abstract
The principles of macroscopic quantum electrodynamics and dispersion forces on ground-state objects are reviewed. We introduce a quantisation scheme for the electromagnetic field that is consistent with the macroscopic Maxwell equations, free-space quantum electrodynamics and the fluctuation–dissipation theorem. The field is coupled to one or several atoms via the alternative minimal and multipolar coupling schemes. It is shown how the theory can be used to calculate Casimir forces between bodies, Casimir–Polder forces between atoms and bodies and van der Waals forces between atoms in the presence of bodies.
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