Abstract
The Constitutional Movement of Iran originated in the 1850s when a small intellectual elite began to think, write and talk about government based on law as opposed to the age-old arbitrary rule. The wish, and later struggle, for law was inevitably accompanied by aspirations for modernization and progress, which was part and parcel of their observation of European state and society. Persian poetry and its multifunctional legacy became the standard-bearer of the Constitutional movement. Bāzgasht-e Adabi (literary return or restoration) of the Qajar period had virtually exhausted its limited capacity for poetical innovation. However, come the Constitutional movement there was a great change, almost amounting to a revolution. Bahār, Iraj, Seyyed Ashraf, etc., spearheaded this revolutionary change.
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