Introduction

Abstract

AbstractThe magnetic field phenomena on different materials are known for many years. Based on the response of the material to the applied field, we can classify the major type of magnetism: (1) diamagnetism, (2) paramagnetism and (3) ferromagnetism. Diamagnetism is the property of the material that causes it to create a magnetic field in opposition to an externally applied magnetic field. Its magnetic permeability is less than the permeability of free space. Diamagnetism substances are composed of atoms that have no net magnetic moments. Paramagnetic is the material that contains permanent magnetic moments but long-range order. In the absence of a magnetic field, the moments are randomly oriented so that no net magnetic moment is exhibited. The application of an external field causes a partial alignment of the moments. This will cause net magnetic moments. The third type of magnetic material is ferromagnets. In these materials, there are domains in which the magnetic fields of the individual atom align. In equilibrium, these domains orient themselves so as to minimize the net magnetic moment. When an external field is applied, the magnetic fields of the individual domains tend to align in the direction of this external field. Thus, all the magnetic moments will align in the direction of the field in order to minimize the energy of the ferromagnetic material.