Introduction

Abstract

AbstractSince Planck’s ‘quantum’ hypothesis was first proposed in the early 20th century, quantum mechanics has developed rapidly for more than a century, making people have a new understanding of the micro quantum world, and it has been applied to chemistry, biology, engineering electronics and other fields. Many new disciplines based on quantum science have also emerged from the developments. Over the past few decades, the combination of quantum mechanics and information sciences has induced a new research field: quantum information science [1,2,3]. Several countries have proposed detailed roadmap [4] to develop quantum science and technology, especially on quantum communication, quantum computing, quantum precision measurement, and so on [5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12].