Introduction

Abstract

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. For work on some of these failures, see Schewidy, ‘The Decline and Fall of Konsum Austria’; Brazda, ‘The Consumer Co-operatives in Germany’; and Muller, ‘Consumer Co-operatives in Great Britain’. 2. Fukuyama, The End of History. 3. A useful summary of the criticisms of co-operation offered during the 1980s and 1990s can be found in Furlough and Strikwerda, ‘Economics, Consumer Culture and Gender’. 4. Grott, ‘Why Co-ops Die’. 5. Cuevas and Fischer, Cooperative Financial Institutions. 6. Full text available at http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/convde.pl?R193. 7. Birchall and Ketilson, The Resilience of the Co-operative Business Model. 8. See http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/who/partners/civil-society/structured-dialogue_en.htm. 9. Furlough and Strikwerda, Consumers Against Capitalism?; Webster et al., The Hidden Alternative; Battilani and Schröter, A Special Kind of Business; Hilson, ‘The Nordic Consumer Co-operative Movement’; Friberg, The Workings of Co-operation; Ekberg, ‘Consumer Co-operation and the Transformation of Modern Food Retailing; Hilson, ‘The Consumer Co-operative Movement in Trans-national Perspective’. 10. See, for example, Purvis, ‘Stocking the Store’; Alexander, ‘Format Development and Retail Change’; Shaw and Alexander, ‘British Co-operative Societies as Retail Innovation’. 11. See Bonner, British Co-operation, 48–9. 12. Molina and Walton, ‘An Alternative Co-operative Tradition’. 13. Rodríguez Ranz et al., El Movimiento Cooperativo en Euskadi1884–1936. 14. Carbery, Consumers in Politics. 15. Molina and Walton, ‘An Alternative Co-operative Tradition’, 240–6. 16. Gide, Consumers’ Co-operatives Societies, 3. 17. Backstrom, Christian Socialism and Co-operation in Victorian England. 18. Gide, Consumers’ Co-operative Societies, 232–6. 19. On dairying co-operatives in Denmark in the late nineteenth century, see Henriksen and O’Rourke, ‘Incentives, Technology and the Shift to Year Long Dairying’. For a good example of a service co-operative was the urban planning CAIRE co-operative of post-war Italy (Reggio Emilia), see Maccaferri, ‘“A Co-operative of Intellectuals”’. For an example of a successful co-operative in the field of promoting working class home ownership see Samy, ‘Extending Home Ownership before the First World War’, 184–8. 20. Chaddad and Cook ‘Understanding New Cooperative Models’. 21. Kalmi, ‘The Disappearance of Co-operatives from Economics Textbooks’. 22. Chandler, Scale and Scope, 259–61. 23. Gurney, Co-operative Culture and the Politics of Consumption in England,1870–1930; Gurney, ‘The Battle of the Consumer in Postwar Britain’; and compare Johnson, Saving and Spending, ch. 5.