Abstract
Abstract Kripke’s (1980) Naming and Necessity convinced many philosophers that referential expressions like indexicals and demonstratives, proper names and natural kind terms are dejure rigid designators-expressions that designate the same thing with respect to every possible world. This feature distinguishes them from other singular terms like definite descriptions, which might also behave de facto as rigid designators, but de Jure are not so. Kripke was well aware that his proposals created a philosophical puzzle. His view about referential expressions and alethic modalities entails the existence of modal illusions: truths that are in fact necessary appear to be contingent.
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