Abstract
Holography is a method of wave recording and reconstruction based on freezing the intensity distribution in an interference fringe pattern, called the hologram, which is formed by an object wave and a reference wave coherent with it. The hologram, when illuminated with the reference wave, reproduces the same amplitude and phase distribution as that created by the object wave in the recording. Therefore, in accordance with the Huygens-Fresnel principle, the hologram transforms the reference wave into a facsimile of the object wave. This transformation is achieved practically irrespective of the way in which the intensity distribution in the fringe pattern is recorded, i.e. in the form of variations in the absorption or reflection coefficient (amplitude hologram) or in the refractive index or relief (phase hologram). A hologram can be recorded on a surface (two-dimensional recording) or in a volume (three-dimensional hologram). While many characteristics of the wave recording and reconstruction process in allthese cases are different, the principal property of the hologram — the ability to transform a reference wave into a facsimile of the object wave — remains the same.
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