Abstract
The field of carbohydrate chemistry has seen many advances in the last few decades. Carbohydrates have several unique roles in the world of bacteria. The carbohydrate moieties of glycosphingolipids have also been studied by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). The monosaccharides, simple sugars that cannot be easily hydrolyzed into smaller units, are classified according to the number of carbon atoms in the molecule. The cyclic forms of carbohydrates are represented by Haworth projections. In fact, pyranoses exist in one of two possible chair conformations. Fischer projection is projected down in the Haworth projection. The acid- or based-catalyzed conversion of one anomer into its equilibrium mixture of anomers is called mutarotation and is accompanied by change in the optical rotation. Uronic acids have an additional complicating factor because they may form lactones. Hydroxyl groups are commonly silylated, acetylated, trifluoracetylated, methylated, or ethylated.
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