Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are a group of antibodies produced by identical clones of B lymphocytes against a particular antigen. mAbs are identical in several properties such as protein sequence, antigen-binding site region, binding affinity for their targets, and identical downstream functional effects. These characteristics of mAbs highlight their differences with the polyclonal antibodies which have heterogenous activities and recognize different epitopes on an antigen. Murine mAbs was the first generation of mAbs developed by hybridoma technology however, because of their murine origin, they can trigger the anti-mouse antibody response in the host which could accelerate mAb clearance and undesirable allergic reactions upon repeated administration. This issue was resolved by developing engineering methods toward producing less immunologic chimeric or humanized antibodies. mAbs applications have become a novel way of targeting antigens in a wide variety of diseases such as autoimmunity, malignancies, and asthma. In addition, high specificity and high affinity binding properties of mAbs make them effective biological reagents in immunodiagnostic assays. They can be used in diagnosis of infectious diseases and detection of certain antigens or in serological assessments for detection of antibodies against a certain antigen. This chapter summarizes the general properties of mAbs, their production processes, and their important diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
Highlights
Introduction on Monoclonal AntibodiesMona Sadeghalvad and Nima Rezaei AbstractMonoclonal antibodies are a group of antibodies produced by identical clones of B lymphocytes against a particular antigen. mAbs are identical in several properties such as protein sequence, antigen-binding site region, binding affinity for their targets, and identical downstream functional effects
Murine mAbs was the first generation of monoclonal antibodies developed by hybridoma technology
Canakinumab was first approved in 2009 for treatment of cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome (CAPS) [42]. This mAb was approved for other inflammatory disorders including TNF receptor associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS), mevalonate kinase deficiency (MKD), familial Mediterranean fever (FMF), and hyperimmunoglobulin D syndrome (HIDS)
Summary
Antibodies or immunoglobulins (Ig) are glycoproteins produced by differentiated B lymphocytes named “plasma cells” in response to exposure to antigens. Monoclonal antibodies are identical in several properties such as protein sequence, antigen-binding site region, binding affinity for their targets, and identical downstream functional effects. Murine mAbs was the first generation of monoclonal antibodies developed by hybridoma technology They have no human components in their structure and could result in producing human anti-mouse antibodies (HAMAs). Genetic engineering approaches and using transgenic animals were developed to overcome these troubles; So that a transformed cell line could produce the altered antibody structurally closer to human antibodies These modified antibodies are known as chimeric mAbs because their constant region is human while their variable region is murine (Table 1). This chapter summarizes the general properties of mAbs, their production processes, and their important applications, including therapeutic and diagnostic uses
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