Abstract
AbstractIn this part we focus on the domain of exclusion from social relations where social relations can be defined as comprising social resources, social connections and social networks. Other types of social engagement with formal civic, political and voluntary groups and organisations are not included in this part, but instead are incorporated in the domain of civic exclusion [see Part VI]. Theorising on exclusion from social relations is facilitated by the ROSEnet Cost Action, which brought together experts in the field and led to the publication of a critical review and development of a conceptual model of exclusion from social relations for older people (Burholt et al. 2019). The model captured the complexity of exclusion from social relations through a subjective interpretation of the literature and took into account the inter-relationships between systems in the critical human ecology framework (Fig. 6.1). The synthesis of the findings was endorsed by the working group on social relations comprising 45 members from 25 countries. The purpose of this introduction is to outline what exclusion from social relations involves, and to frame the three contributions within this part in the broader research debates and scholarship on this topic.
Highlights
Framing Exclusion from Social RelationsVanessa Burholt and Marja Aartsen
It is important to define what we mean by exclusion from social relations, as the way it is defined determines our core understanding of it
Based on discussions in the ROSEnet Cost Action, we define exclusion from social relations as a situation in which people are disconnected from adequate levels and quality of intimate relationships, social networks, social support, and/or social opportunities to participate in the wider society
Summary
Framing Exclusion from Social Relations seen as just one of the possible outcomes of exclusion from social relations, but one that is highlighted by authors of the book. The conceptual model of exclusion from social relations articulates separately different elements of this form of exclusion It describes risks for exclusion from social relationships as personal attributes such as age, gender, education, income, and socio-economic and marital status (De Jong Gierveld et al 2009) and sexual orientation (Cronin and King 2010); biological and neurological characteristics (Aartsen et al 2004; Lechner et al 2007); and life experiences concerning, retirement, exclusion from material resources, and migration (Walters and Bartlett 2009). As individual lives change over time, so too do ‘national cultures’ and places, with these dynamics sometimes contributing to exclusion from social relations Structural changes such as improved communication or the mass media can influence changes in norms, beliefs, values, customs and traditions (Winter 2017) which in turn can influence older people’s expectations concerning the ideal level of social relations. Local employment opportunities may directly affect population mobility or population turnover resulting in fewer proximal kin, or reduced neighbourliness (Skinner et al 2014; Burholt and Sardani 2017) contributing to exclusion from social relations
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