Introduction: Coastal Seagrass and Submerged Aquatic Vegetation Habitats in the Gulf of Mexico

Abstract

IntroductionCoastal Seagrass and Submerged Aquatic Vegetation Habitats in the Gulf of Mexico Patrick Biber* and Hyun Jung Cho* This special issue compiles original research and reviews of previous research on an important geographic constitution at the water-land interface: the seagrass/Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV) beds in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) coastal zone. SAV are a group of vascular plants that grow underwater; and seagrass is a specialized subgroup of SAV that have adapted to live in the high salinity coastal and marine waters. Presence of, types of, and seasonality of SAV beds have substantial influences on geography, ecology, landscape, culture, and economy in the coastal zone. Healthy SAV beds help shape, maintain, and modify coastal landscapes by buffering wave energy, modifying water currents, protecting shorelines from erosion, aiding sediment deposition, consolidating substrate, and changing littoral profiles and water depth. Coastal seagrass resources are among the most productive ecosystems on Earth. Seagrass beds perform numerous vital ecological functions and provide food and shelter for commercially and ecologically important organisms, including blue crabs, shrimp, turtles, manatees, and waterfowl. Therefore, assessment of SAV distribution, composition, and abundance has been of particular interest to coastal environmental managers, scientists, developers, and recreationists as this information serves as an excellent indicator of estuarine environmental quality. Coastal areas containing seagrass and SAV beds carry geographical and historical importance in the Southeast, especially throughout the GoM. The GoM and its resources have immense ecological, economical, and historic values to the U.S. but have been going through several major environmental disturbances and disasters including, but not limited to, major hurricanes (e.g., 2005 Hurricane Katrina), the 2010 Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, red tides, rapid subsidence, marsh erosion, threats from sea level rise, and river water diversions. Man-made levees [End Page 208] along major rivers (e.g., Mississippi River) prevent natural flooding from the rivers that historically used to deliver the necessary nutrients and sediments for coastal wetland growth and delta formation. This has resulted in coastal wetland retreat and subsidence. In addition, environmental quality has been significantly degraded, which in turn, results in the loss of ecological/economical services in the region. Loss of coastal land and environmental degradation are projected to be amplified with changing global climate, which is a growing threat to coastal SAV beds (Scavia et al. 2002, Doyle et al. 2010, Unsworth et al. 2014). The low-lying coastal areas of the GoM are particularly vulnerable to natural/anthropogenic disturbances due to the effects of sea-level rise, increases in population density, extensive landscape alternation, modification, and armoring of natural shorelines, as well as natural/man-made disasters. Documentation of habitat conditions, change over time, and interactions with the human environment are critical needs to better assess current status and predict future trends for SAV/seagrass habitats, a critical component of coastal geography. However, many regionally focused relevant studies on these habitats have not been addressed in the increasingly international scope of many pertinent scientific journals. We, the Guest Editors, agreed that compiling regional studies on a unifying topic would help enhance understanding of long-term and larger scale trends in SAV/seagrass beds of the GoM. In response, requests for manuscripts on sea-grass and other SAV occurring in tidally-influenced GoM coastal habitats were sent out to several regional seagrass/SAV scientists. In order to comply with the scope of Southeastern Geographer, the papers in this issue present studies on SAV/seagrass with a regional geography focus, particularly relating to issues of temporal variation and changes related to land use change, human alteration, and climate change. The five papers published in this special issue synergistically help to summarize change occurring across the GoM. Geographically, this special issue covers coastal habitats from Texas (the Coastal Bend and Laguna Madre), Louisiana (Terrebonne Bay, the Pontchartrain basin), areas around the borders of Mississippi and Alabama (Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve), and west Florida (Tampa Bay). The topics of the papers extend from (1) evaluation of SAV for nekton habitat value in comparison to marshes during one season (Jerabek et al.), (2) test of a model to assess carbon stocks in seagrass meadows in a single year (Congdon & Dunton), (3) temporal...