Abstract

When a superconducting material is cooled below its critical temperature \(T_c\), it undergoes an electronic phase transition wherein the electrons pair to form a boson with integer spin. This new particle, called Cooper pair, can move in the crystal without dissipation. This leads to the first signature of superconductivity: below \(T_c\), the electrical resistance drops to zero. Additionally, in the presence of an applied magnetic field, the superconducting material establishes persistent electric currents near its surface, which induce an expulsion of all magnetic flux (perfect diamagnetism). This leads to the second signature of superconductivity: the Meissner effect.

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