Abstract
A large number of well known data sets in the social sciences have a tabular form. Each row refers to a period of time, and each column represents a variable that characterizes the state of some entity during a time period. These variables naturally divide into those actionable variables we can control (which we will call “action variables”) and those we cannot (which we will call “state variables”). For example, data sets regarding school performance for various U.S. states contain “state variables” such as the graduation rate of students in the state and the student to staff ratio during some time frame, while the “action” variables might refer to the level of funding provided per student during that time frame, the faculty salary levels during that time period, etc.
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