Abstract
Li4Ti5O12 (LTO), known as a zero-strain material, is widely studied as the anode material for lithium-ion batteries owing to its high safety and long cycling stability. However, its low electronic conductivity and Li diffusion coefficient significantly deteriorate its high-rate performance. In this work, we proposed a facile approach to introduce oxygen vacancies into the commercialized LTO via thermal treatment under Ar/H2 (5%). The oxygen vacancy-containing LTO demonstrates much better performance than the sample before H2 treatment, especially at high current rates. Density functional theory calculation results suggest that increasing oxygen vacancy concentration could enhance the electronic conductivity and lower the diffusion barrier of Li+, giving rise to a fast electrochemical kinetic process and thus improved high-rate performance.
Highlights
Li4 Ti5 O12 via Hydrogen ReductionLithium-ion batteries (LIBs), as the dominant energy storage device, have been widely applied in portable electronic devices and electric vehicles [1,2,3,4]
The initial weight loss of 1.14% below 200 ◦ C could be the evaporation of absorbed moisture content, and the subsequent loss of 2.08% between 400 and 600 ◦ C could be due to the combustion of amorphous carbon
oxygen vacancies (OVs) could could be efficiently material, giving riserise to ato greatly enhanced elecbe efficiently introduced introducedinto intothe theactive active material, giving a greatly enhanced electrochemical properties for lithium storage
Summary
Li4 Ti5 O12 via Hydrogen ReductionLithium-ion batteries (LIBs), as the dominant energy storage device, have been widely applied in portable electronic devices and electric vehicles [1,2,3,4]. Even though graphite could be considered as the most successful anode material for LIBs [5,6,7], it still suffers from large volume expansion, poor rate capability arising from its low Li+ diffusion coefficient, and dendrite formation which would cause severe safety problems [8,9]. Graphite may not be suitable for applications where safety and low-frequency maintenance are the primary concerns, such as batteries for buses or large-scale power plants. The intrinsically low electronic conductivity (10−13 S cm−1 ) and limited lithium diffusion coefficient (10−9 –10−13 cm s−1 ) [13,14,15] of LTO, originating from the absence of electrons in the Ti 3d orbitals, leads to its large band gap (2 eV), preventing its more intensive applications
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