Abstract
Biofuels have many environmental and practical benefits as a transportation fuel. They are among the best alternatives to fossil fuels- thanks to their capacity for negative carbon emissions, which is vital for archiving the global ambition of a net-zero economy. However, conventional biofuel production takes place on inland sites and relies on freshwater and edible crops (or land suitable for edible crop production), which has led to the food versus fuel debate. It also suffers technical and economical barriers owing to the energy balance and the cost of production compared with fossil fuels. Establishing a coastal integrated marine biorefinery (CIMB) system for the simultaneous production of biofuels, high-value chemicals, and other co-products could be the ultimate solution. The proposed system is based on coastal sites and relies entirely on marine resources including seawater, marine biomass (seaweed), and marine microorganisms (marine yeasts and marine microalgae). The system does not require the use of arable land and freshwater in any part of the production chain and should be linked to offshore renewable energy sources to increase its economic feasibility and environmental value. This article aims to introduce the CIMB system as a potential vehicle for addressing the global warming issue and speeding the global effort on climate change mitigation as well as supporting the world’s water, food and energy security. I hope these perspectives serve to draw attention into research funding for this approach.
Highlights
Global warming has reached an alarming level of nearly 1.3 ◦C above pre-industrial levels and is increasing yearly [1]
Marine yeasts are suitable candidates for a marine biorefinery where seawater and seaweed are used for the production of biofuels
Microalgae are increasingly cultivated for the production of biofuels and hciguhltivvaaltueedp, rcoodllueccttesd[3f7r,o3m8]. the sea, or obtained from retailers such as provided by SGevreeernalSemasa,rhinttep:m//wicrwowal.ggareeesnpseecaise.csos.uukc/h, 1a6s, ONcatnonboecrh,l2o0ro2p1s.is oceanica, N. gaditana, D2u. nalDieellvaeslaolpinma,eTnettraansdelmoipstsimueicscaitai,oanndofNe.xstarlaicntaiohnavmeebtheeondsprfoopr othseedHfoVrCthferopmrodseuacwtieoend of biohdyiedsreoll[y3s9a–t4e2s.]. They have a higher lipid content compared with terrestrial biodiesel fe3e. dstOocpktsimanisdinagre bniooteuthseadnoals aprpordimuactriyonfoofdrosmoursceea[w43a]t.eFr-usretahweremedoreh, ythderyolhyasvaeteas louwsienrg land rmeqauriirneemyeenatspt esrtrkaiilnosg,rsaumchofabsiSo.dcieerseevlipsiraoedAuZce6d5,. which minimises the land needing to b4e. dedAicsasetesdsmtoenthteoirf tchueltwivaattieornf,oforteperiningtu(Wp lFa)nadnfdorcaagrbriocnulftouorteparnindt e(CnsFu)roinfgbifooeotdhasencoulraitnyd. This cHanVCbeoifmthperoCvMedB fsuyrstthemer abnydccuoltmivpaatrinisgonmoafrtihnee rmesiucrlotsawlgiateh othneccooansvtaelnstiiotensatlhsaytstaerme . u5s.uallCyonnodtuscutiitnagblaenfoLrCaAgroicfuthlteurbeio[e4t4h].anol and high value chemicals (HVCs) obtained from the Coastal Marine Biorefinery (CMB) system and comparison of the results with those obtained from the coastal seawater biorefinery (CSB) system and the 4.2
Summary
Global warming has reached an alarming level of nearly 1.3 ◦C above pre-industrial levels and is increasing yearly [1]. The aim of proposing an assessment of the coastal seawater biorefinery (CSB) system (Figure 2) is to establish the environmental impact and economic value of moving the biorefinery industry to coastal sites and using seawater instead of freshwater in the fermentation Processes 2021, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEpWrocess This is the fundamental step required to accurately evaluate the CIMB sy5stoefm under investigation in this paper. AInndafdodssitiilofun,elsmdeaplleitsiloanndcosm, apratirfeicdiawl iitshlatnhdose, aonf dcoanrveeanstaiornoaulnidnliannsdh-ofreesahnwdatoefrfsbhiooertehwaninold pfraormduscctaionnb[e11id].eBalulioldcaintigonuspfoonr tehsetasbelfiisnhdininggCs,MinBtesnysitveme isn.vestigation of bioethanol production from the conventional first- and second-generation biomass using the CBS system (4se.1a.w2.aStear,wmaaterirne yeast, and terrestrial biomass) is required to confirm the positive role of Seawater accounts for about 97% of the world’s water and covers 360,663,099 km (about 71%) of the Earth’s surface, in the form of a connected network of aquatic ecosystems [14] It is a renewable water source and readily accessible in most countries around the world, including those that already suffer severe freshwater shortages. Seawater can sustainably provide the water and minerals needed for bioenergy
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
