Abstract
At least 4 alien semiaquatic mammals and 9 birds have been introduced in Europe. Of these, the muskrat, the coypu, the American mink, and the Canada goose have wide novel ranges. Ecological effects of alien birds and mammals in Europe include coypu and muskrat herbivory on aquatic plants, mink predation on archipelago birds, competition between the American and European mink and the Canadian and European beaver, and hybridisation between the alien ruddy duck and the endangered white-headed duck.
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