Intrinsic brain network abnormalities in codeine-containing cough syrup-dependent male individuals revealed in resting-state fMRI.

Abstract

To identify codeine-containing cough syrups (CCS)-related modulations of intrinsic connectivity network (ICN) and to investigate whether these changes of ICN can be related to duration of CCS use and to impulsivity behavior in CCS-dependent individuals. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data in 41 CCS-dependent individuals and 34 healthy controls (HC) were scanned at 1.5T and analyzed using independent component analysis (ICA), in combination with a "dual-regression" technique to identify the group differences of three important resting-state networks, the default mode network (DMN), the executive control network (ECN), and the salience network (SN) between the CCS-dependent individuals and HC. Compared with the HC, CCS-dependent individuals had aberrant intrinsic connectivity within the DMN, ECN, and SN (P < 0.05, AlphaSim corrected). Furthermore, a longer duration of CCS use was associated with greater abnormalities in the intrinsic network functional connectivity (FC, P < 0.05, Bonferroni correction). Intrinsic network FC also correlated with higher impulsivity in CCS-dependent individuals (P < 0.05, AlphaSim corrected). Our findings revealed aberrant DMN, ECN, and SN connectivity patterns in CCS-dependent patients, which may provide new insight into how neuronal communication and information integration are disrupted among DMN, ECN, and SN key structures due to long duration of CCS use. 1 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;45:177-186.