Abstract
AbstractThe small insect brain is often described as an input/output system that executes reflex-like behaviours. It can also initiate neural activity and behaviours intrinsically, seen as spontaneous behaviours, different arousal states and sleep. However, little is known about how intrinsic activity in neural circuits affects sensory information processing in the insect brain and variability in behaviour. Here, by simultaneously monitoring Drosophila’s behavioural choices and brain activity in a flight simulator system, we identify intrinsic activity that is associated with the act of selecting between visual stimuli. We recorded neural output (multi-unit action potentials and local field potentials) in the left and right optic lobes of a tethered flying Drosophila, while its attempts to follow visual motion (yaw torque) were measured by a torque meter. We show that when facing competing motion stimuli on its left and right, Drosophila generate large torque responses that flip from side to side. The delayed onset (0.1-1 s) and spontaneous switch-like dynamics of these responses make this behaviour different from the classic steering reflexes. Drosophila, thus, seem to choose one stimulus at a time and attempt to rotate toward its direction. With this behaviour, the neural output of the optic lobes alternates; being augmented on the side chosen for body rotation and suppressed on the opposite side, even though the visual input to the fly eyes stays the same. Thus, the flow of information from the fly eyes seems gated intrinsically, with this process highlighting chosen information while ignoring the irrelevant. We propose that in small insect brains of limited capacity, intrinsic activity can play an important role in modulating neural information processing and behaviour.
Highlights
By evolving elaborate patterns of behavior, insects have conquered myriads of terrains
In a sequence of experiments using tethered flies that either rested or flew, we show that when a Drosophila generates a torque response to left or right, the neural activity in the optic lobes is enhanced on the chosen side and suppressed on the opposite side, visual input to its eyes remains unchanged during this behavior
We investigated the role of intrinsic brain activity in visual information processing in Drosophila that faced two competing stimuli in a customized flight arena (Fig. 1)
Summary
By evolving elaborate patterns of behavior, insects have conquered myriads of terrains. The mechanisms of this behavioral variability are not understood, it is likely to denote variability in the neural information processing, from sensors to effectors, and any factors between them [1,2,3,4] Such factors can be noise [5], recall of previous encounters with similar cues (adaptation, learning or memory) [6,7,8], fatigue or change in behavioral or arousal states [9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17], or it can arise spontaneously from circuits’ rhythmic or nonlinear dynamics [18,19,20,21,22,23], named as intrinsic activity in contrast to activity evoked by external stimuli. The problem is that by observing an insect’s reactions alone, it is very difficult, if not impossible, to deduce the neural basis for the change in its behavior
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