Intraurban variations of PM 10 air pollution in Christchurch, New Zealand: Implications for epidemiological studies

Abstract

Epidemiological studies relating air pollution to health effects often utilise one or few central monitoring sites for estimating wider population exposures to outdoor particulate air pollution. These studies often assume that highly correlated particulate concentrations between intraurban sites equate to a uniform concentration field. Several recent studies have questioned the universal validity of this assumption, noting that in some cities, the uniformity assumption may lead to exposure misclassification in health studies. Few studies have compared central fixed site concentrations to intraurban population background sites using actual monitored data in cities with higher levels of pollution. This research examines daily concentration variations in particulate matter less than 10 μm in diameter (PM 10) at the neighbourhood scale over two winter months in Christchurch, New Zealand, a city with high winter pollution concentrations. Daily concentrations of PM 10 data were collected for two winter months at ten background monitoring sites within 9.3 km of the central fixed monitoring site typically used for estimating exposure in epidemiological studies. Results indicate that while the correlation between PM 10 concentrations measured at the central monitoring site and most background sites is strong ( r > 0.76), absolute daily concentration differences between the central monitoring site and population background sites were substantial (mean 90th percentile absolute difference = 17.6 μg m − 3 ). In Christchurch, a central monitoring site does not therefore appear to accurately depict wider area population exposures to PM 10. Local intraurban variations in particulates should be well understood before applying central monitoring site concentrations as proxies for population exposure in epidemiological studies.