Abstract
INTERpersonal synchrony leads to increased empathy, rapport and understanding, enabling successful human-human interactions and reciprocal bonding. Research shows that individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) exhibit difficulties to INTERpersonally synchronize but underlying causes are yet unknown. In order to successfully synchronize with others, INTRApersonal synchronization of communicative signals appears to be a necessary prerequisite. We understand INTRApersonal synchrony as an implicit factor of INTERpersonal synchrony and therefore hypothesize that atypicalities of INTRApersonal synchrony may add to INTERpersonal synchrony problems in ASD and their interaction partners. In this perspective article, we first review evidence for INTERpersonal dissynchrony in ASD, with respect to different approaches and assessment methods. Second, we draft a theoretical conceptualization of INTRApersonal dissynchrony in ASD based on a temporal model of human interaction. We will outline literature indicating INTRApersonal dissynchrony in ASD, therefore highlighting findings of atypical timing functions and findings from clinical and behavioral studies that indicate peculiar motion patterns and communicative signal production in ASD. Third, we hypothesize that findings from these domains suggest an assessment and investigation of temporal parameters of social behavior in individuals with ASD. We will further propose specific goals of empirical approaches on INTRApersonal dissynchrony. Finally we present implications of research on INTRApersonal timing in ASD for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, what in our opinion warrants the increase of research efforts in this domain.
Highlights
Reviewed by: Chung Hyuk Park, George Washington University, United States Nicola Vanello, University of Pisa, Italy
Research shows that individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) exhibit difficulties to INTERpersonally synchronize but underlying causes are yet unknown
We understand INTRApersonal synchrony as an implicit factor of INTERpersonal synchrony and hypothesize that atypicalities of INTRApersonal synchrony may add to INTERpersonal synchrony problems in ASD and their interaction partners
Summary
In their social entrainment model, McGrath and Kelly (1986) consider social interaction in terms of temporal patterns or rhythms in behavior. This model states that endogenous (i.e. individual) rhythms in behavior become temporally aligned in phase and period in the course of interaction. This implies the emergence of systematic temporal patterns of verbal and nonverbal turn-taking during INTERpersonal encounters. Communication signals are composed of various non-verbal sources (e.g., gaze and gestures) These need to be coordinated with each other and with verbal output to achieve the intended communicative effects. We will introduce the idea that those peculiarities may be related to individuals with ASD missing the assumed temporal windows for producing socially effective communication signals
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