Intrapartum fetal pulse oximetry: Fetal oxygen saturation trends during labor and relation to delivery outcome

Abstract

Our purpose was to study fetal arterial oxygen saturation trends by continuous pulse oximetry during labor in subjects with normal and abnormal delivery outcomes. Continuous fetal arterial oxygen saturation was measured during labor with a noninvasive reflectance pulse oximeter designed for fetal application. Averaged arterial oxygen saturation values were compared between stage 1 and stage 2 of labor, with stage 1 further subdivided into early (< or = 4 cm), middle (5 to 7 cm), and late (8 to 10 cm) phases. Delivery outcome was considered to be abnormal for any of the following conditions: gestational age < 37 weeks, maternal oxygen administration, delivery by cesarean section, 5-minute Apgar score < 7, umbilical artery pH < 7.10, birth weight < 2500 gm, or newborn intensive care unit admission. A total of 291 subjects were studied: 142 in Provo, 90 in Nijmegen and 59 in San Francisco. Subjects with delivery complications (n = 125) were evaluated separately from those with normal delivery outcomes (n = 160). Fetal arterial oxygen saturation was 58% +/- 10% (mean +/- SD) during the cumulative period of study for the normal-outcome group. A significant decrease (paired t test, p < 0.001) in fetal arterial oxygen saturation occurred from stage 1 (59% +/- 10%) to stage 2 (53% +/- 10%) labor. When stage 1 was subdivided into early (< or = 4 cm), middle (5 to 7 cm), and late (8 to 10 cm) phases, a gradual decreasing trend in fetal arterial oxygen saturation was observed: 62% +/- 9%, 60% +/- 11%, and 58% +/- 10%. With the use of reflectance pulse oximetry, a statistically significant decrease in fetal arterial oxygen saturation was observed during labor in women with normal and abnormal delivery outcomes.