Abstract
The data on the interactions of cosmic-ray protons in nuclear emulsion have been analyzed in light of the results of recent exposures of emulsion to accelerator protons. Plots of $〈{log}_{10}tan\ensuremath{\theta}〉$ as a function of the number of evaporation prongs, ${N}_{h}$, display an energy-independent behavior which is exploited to determine the energies of cosmic-ray events. It is found that the energies quoted in the literature are generally too high. The average charged multiplicity is linearly related to ${N}_{h}$ from 30 GeV to 5 TeV. While a model of nuclear cascading based on direct production is consistent with these data from 30 GeV to 500 GeV, a model proceeding through an intermediate state gives better agreement at cosmic-ray energies.
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