Intranasal Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Depression and Anxiety Disorders

Abstract

The treatment of central nervous system disorders, such as depression and anxiety, relies on the oral administration of drugs with antidepressant or anxiolytic action. Given the increased incidence of these diseases and the disadvantages of oral drug administration, studies are being performed with the aim of developing new ways of treatment in order to improve the effectiveness of the therapies that are applied. The intranasal pathway has gained interest as a route of administration for drugs to the intended target, the brain, due to its capability of direct transport to the central nervous system. In addition to the route of administration, nanoparticles have been studied as possible alternatives to conventional formulations, with the objective of improving drug bioavailability. The present work aimed to analyze the potential of intranasal nanoparticle administration for the treatment of depression and anxiety, using the analysis of several already performed studies. From the carried-out analysis, it was concluded that nanoparticle development takes into consideration the characteristics of the nasal mucosa to allow for enhanced drug absorption and permeability. The use of nanoparticles allows the protection of the drug from enzymatic degradation, and the modulation of its components provides advantages for intranasal administration. In vitro drug release and ex vivo drug permeation studies were conducted, demonstrating, in the majority of cases, an advantage in the use of these formulations. In vivo studies on rats or mice were also carried out, allowing the efficacy of the treatment with the developed formulations to be verified, with results proving very promising.