Intranasal insulin ameliorates cognitive impairment in a rat model of Parkinson's disease through Akt/GSK3β signaling pathway

Abstract

AimsParkinson's disease dementia (PDD) is one of the most common non-motor symptoms of advanced Parkinson's disease (PD). This study aimed to determine whether intranasal insulin has protective effects on cognition in the rat PD model induced by 6-hydroxylase dopamine (6-OHDA) through the insulin signaling pathway. Materials and methodsThe rats were given intranasal insulin administration for six weeks after unilateral medial forebrain bundle (MFB) injection of 6-OHDA. Then a series of cognitive-behavioral tests, immunofluorescence, and immunoblotting was performed on the rats. Key findingsThe results demonstrated that the injection of 6-OHDA in the unilateral MFB damaged working memory and long-term habituation of rats in the T-maze rewarded alternation test and hole-board test. Besides, rats with unilateral 6-OHDA injury performed poorly in terms of escape latency and average speed during the hidden platform training phase rather than in the probe trial of the Morris Water Maze (MWM) test. Immunofluorescence results showed that unilateral 6-OHDA injury in MFB led to the massive death of ipsilateral-substantia nigra (SN) tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons. Western blot results further indicated that 6-OHDA-induced necrosis of ipsilateral-SN dopaminergic neurons reduced the levels of p-Akt (Ser473) and p-GSK3β (Ser9) in the ipsilateral-hippocampus. SignificanceThese findings provide a solid evidence base for the relationship between PD cognitive impairment and insulin signaling pathways.