Intraguild Predation by the Eagle Owl Determines the Space Use of a Mesopredator Carnivore

Noemí Baniandrés,Emilio Virgós,Mariano R Recio,Tamara Burgos

doi:10.3390/d12090359

Noemí Baniandrés, Emilio Virgós + Show 2 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/d12090359

Copy DOI

Abstract

Top predators shape the communities of sympatric predators by killing and displacing smaller predators. Predation risk pushes smaller predators to select enemy-free spaces irrespective of food availability, which results in changes in their behaviour, space use, distribution, and abundance. Although the landscape of fear dynamics are known for top predators such as the eagle owl and its impact on smaller raptors, the effect of the presence and abundance of the eagle owl on the space use of mesopredator carnivores remains poorly understood. Here, we studied this effect on the space use of the stone marten in a Mediterranean ecosystem where it shares rabbits as main prey with the eagle owl. We also accounted for the presence of another sympatric carnivore, the red fox. Using a multi-model inference, we found stone martens avoided areas with a higher abundance of eagle owls and rabbits, which suggested a hyperpredation process and a cognitive association by stone martens between rabbit hotspots and owl presence. We found a positive relationship between the space use of the red fox and the stone marten, which suggested foxes behaved as competitors and not predators of martens. Understanding intraguild predation can assist the conservation and management of predators and their prey.

Highlights

Intraguild predation is a type of asymmetrical interaction with important consequences on the structuring of predator communities [1,2]
We identified 39 pairs of eagle owl in the acoustic census conducted across 30 transects (x ± SE = 0.97 ± 0.18 owl/transect)
No pairs of eagle owls were reported in five transects, and only one transect reported a maximum of four pairs (Table 1)

Summary

Introduction

Intraguild predation is a type of asymmetrical interaction with important consequences on the structuring of predator communities [1,2]. The grey fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) behaves as a highly selective habitat specialist in areas with a high density of coyotes (Canis latrans) [16], and the tawny owl (Strix aluco) shows more clumped nesting in enemy-free spaces [14]. Overall, understanding these dynamics is essential to further our knowledge of the ecological roles of predators and to assist in their conservation and that of their prey [9,17,18]

Methods

Results

Conclusion