Intracellular Signalling Pathways of Okadaic Acid Leading to Mitogenesis in Rat1 Fibroblast Overexpressing Insulin Receptors: Okadaic Acid Regulates Shc Phosphorylation by Mechanisms Independent of Insulin

Abstract

Okadaic acid is an powerful inhibitor of serine/threonine protein phosphatases 1 and 2A. Although it is known as a potent tumour promoter, the intracellular mechanism by which okadaic acid mediates its mitogenic effect remains to be clarified. We investigated the effect of okadaic acid on the activation of mitogenesis in Rat1 fibroblasts overexpressing insulin receptors. As previously reported, insulin induced Shc phosphorylation, Shc•Grb2 association, MAP kinase activation, and BrdU incorporation. Okadaic acid also stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of Shc and its subsequent association with Grb2 in a time- and dose-dependent manner without affecting tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor β-subunit and IRS. However, to a lesser extent, okadaic acid stimulated MAP kinase activity and BrdU incorporation. Interestingly, preincubation of okadaic acid potentiated insulin stimulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Shc (213% of control), Shc•Grb2 association (150%), MAP kinase activity (152%), and BrdU incorporation (148%). These results further confirmed the important role of Shc, but not IRS, in cell cycle progression in Rat1 fibroblasts. Furthermore, serine/threonine phosphorylation appears to be involved in the regulation of Shc tyrosine phosphorylation leading to mitogenesis by mechanisms independent of insulin signalling.