Abstract
Viral disease management has been proven difficult, and there are no broadly licensed vaccines or therapeutics. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is an active pathogen of wild ungulates and livestock; its infection frequently caused irreversible vesicles on the tongue or other positions, leading to enormous economic loss. Tea tree oil (TTO) has been shown to be a popular remedy for many skin diseases owing to its antibacterial, antipruritic, and anti-inflammatory effects. However, the potential effect of TTO on VSV proliferation and the corresponding inflammatory response in cells remain unclear. In this study, methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay was used to evaluate the cell viability of TTO, and cytotoxic concentration 50 (CC50) was calculated. Then, fluorescence observation, reverse transcription–quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western blot (WB), and flow cytometry (FCM) assay were used to evaluate the antiviral effect of TTO against VSV under three manners of pre-infection before medication, co-administration, pretreatment before infection at safe doses to Vero cells. Meanwhile, the mRNA expressions of interleukin 8, tumor necrosis factor α, and ISG56 in cells were also detected. The results showed that the maximum safe concentration of TTO to Vero cells was 0.063% and the CC50 is 0.32%. Most notably, TTO dose-dependently inhibited the VSV GFP fluorescence generation and restrained the replication of VSV in gene and protein levels regardless of the treatment modes. Based on the results of the FCM, effective concentration 50 of TTO against VSV is 0.019%. Similarly, the mRNA expression of the above cytokines induced by viral infection was also remarkably curbed. These findings suggest that TTO emerged blocking, prophylaxis, and treatment action against VSV replication and suppressed the related inflammation in Vero cells. This study provides a novel potential for TTO fighting against viral infection and anti-inflammatory activities in Vero cells.
Highlights
Vesicular stomatitis (VS) is an infrequent yet important vesicular disease of livestock, caused by vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), which is a negative strand RNA and enveloped virus
methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay showed that tea tree oil (TTO) could significantly inhibit cell proliferation and activity at doses higher than 0.063%, and the doses no more than 0.063% can be considered as safe concentrations
All the TTO treatments dramatically inhibited the virus proliferation, and this inhibitory effect was in a profound dose-dependent manner, suggesting the therapeutic action of TTO against VSV
Summary
Vesicular stomatitis (VS) is an infrequent yet important vesicular disease of livestock, caused by vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), which is a negative strand RNA and enveloped virus. It is highly contagious and zoonotic, frequently leading to vesicles and unclear on the tongue, papilla, or other positions. Among various kinds of bioactive components researched, volatile oils, known as essential oils, are revealed to have enormous potential of pharmaceutical value, including but not limited to, antimicrobial, anti-inflammation, antioxidant, and antiparasitic activities [3, 4]. The antiviral effect of TTO remains not very clear yet
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