Intracellular Fe2+ accumulation in endothelial cells and pericytes induces blood-brain barrier dysfunction in secondary brain injury after brain hemorrhage

Abstract

After intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), iron is released from the hematoma and induces secondary brain injury. However, the detail effect of iron on blood-brain barrier (BBB) function is still unknown. We investigated whether hemoglobin (Hb), ferrous ammonium sulfate (FAS) or hemin which contains iron have the detrimental effect on both human brain microvascular endothelial cells and pericytes by cellular function analysis in vitro. We developed an iron (Fe2+)-detectable probe, Si-RhoNox-1, to investigate intracellular Fe2+ accumulation (Fe2+intra). After FAS treatment, there was the correlation between Fe2+intra and cell death. Moreover, Hb or hemin treatment induced cell death, increased reactive oxygen species and promoted Fe2+intra in both cells. These changes were inhibited by the Fe2+ chelator, 2,2′-bipyridil (BP). Furthermore, hemin induced endothelial barrier dysfunction via disruption of junction integrity. Based on in vitro studies, we used a hemin-injection ICH mice model in vivo. Hemin injection (10 mM/10 µL, i.c.) induced deleterious effects including BBB hyper-permeability, neuronal deficits, neuronal damage, altered proteins expression, and Fe2+intra in BBB composed cells. Lastly, BP (40 mg/kg, i.p.) administration attenuated neuronal deficits at 3 days after surgery. Collectively, Hb or hemin damaged BBB composed cells via Fe2+intra. Therefore, the regulation of the Fe2+ movement in BBB might be effective for treatment of ICH.