Intracellular Ca2+ dynamics in the ALA neuron reflect sleep pressure and regulate sleep in Caenorhabditis elegans

Abstract

SummaryThe mechanisms underlying sleep homeostasis are poorly understood. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans exhibits 2 types of sleep: lethargus, or developmentally timed, and stress-induced sleep. Lethargus is characterized by alternating cycles of sleep and motion bouts. Sleep bouts are homeostatically regulated, i.e., prolonged active bouts lead to prolonged sleep bouts. Here we reveal that the interneuron ALA is crucial for homeostatic regulation during lethargus. Intracellular Ca2+ in ALA gradually increased during active bouts and rapidly decayed upon transitions to sleep bouts. Longer active bouts were accompanied by higher intracellular Ca2+ peaks. Optogenetic activation of ALA during active bouts caused transitions to sleep bouts. Dysfunction of CEH-17, which is an LIM homeodomain transcription factor selectively expressed in ALA, impaired the characteristic patterns of ALA intracellular Ca2+ and abolished the homeostatic regulation of sleep bouts. These findings indicate that ALA encodes sleep pressure and contributes to sleep homeostasis.