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Abstract
BackgroundMeasurement of first and second metatarsal and toe protrusion is frequently used to explain foot problems using x-rays, osteological measurements or palpation-based tests. Length differences could be related to the appearance of problems in the foot. A test-retest design was conducted in order to establish the intra-rater reliability of three palpation-based tests.Methods202 feet of physical therapy students and teachers of the CEU San Pablo University of Madrid, 39 men and 62 women, were measured using three different tests. Data were analysed using SPSS version 15.0. Mean, SD and 95% CI were calculated for each variable. A normal distribution of quantitative data was assessed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The test-retest intra-rater reliability was assessed using an Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). The Standard Error Mean (SEM) and the Minimal Detectable Change (MDC) were also obtained.ResultsAll the ICC values showed a high degree of reliability (Test 1 = 0.97, Test 2 = 0.86 and Test 3 = 0.88) as did the SEM (Test 1 = 0.07, Test 2 = 0.10 and Test 3 = 0.11) and the MDC (Test 1 = 0.21, Test 2 = 0.30 and Test 3 = 0.31).ConclusionsReliability of measuring first and second metatarsal and toe protrusion using the three palpation-based tests showed a high degree of reliability.
Highlights
Measurement of first and second metatarsal and toe protrusion is frequently used to explain foot problems using x-rays, osteological measurements or palpation-based tests
All the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) values show a high degree of reliability [22]
The small Standard Error Mean (SEM) and Minimal Detectable Change (MDC) values revealed a high level of accuracy
Summary
Measurement of first and second metatarsal and toe protrusion is frequently used to explain foot problems using x-rays, osteological measurements or palpation-based tests. Several studies have utilised x-ray methodology [4,7,8,9,10,11] in order to estimate relative metatarsal length. This method has many disadvantages due to cost, accessibility and ionising radiation exposure [12,13]. Osteological methods are based on direct bone measurements [14,15,16]
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